This essay is a result of many big ideas combining and colliding in the best and worst kind of pyrotechnics my brain is capable of producing. If it’s a mess, I hope it’s a mess worth making. Though I can’t hand it off to someone else, maybe I can leave a trace of something worth keeping. Metaphors, like anything else in a collision, get mixed up. But, this is my try.
I believe that, with some of the bigger truths, reason only gets you halfway there. Something else helps you complete the journey. I’ll, for lack of a better term, label that something “coherence”. An argument which doesn’t quite bring together deduction or induction, all the way through, can nonetheless fit. I claim that Christianity fits in this way.
If we try to imagine the sort of world that would be necessary were a loving deity to exist, it seems that our world resembles this ideal world in peculiar ways. Even apparent objections seem to fade away. The “problem of pain”, so difficult to understand, seems much more comprehensible if we look at it in this way. There are essentially two “horns” to the problem of pain. First, nature, though ordered, is capricious and destructive. Second, man can, and often desires to, do harm. But, when we try to make sense of these two problems- try to make them coherent- we find they’re not problems at all, but necessities. Let us deal with each in turn.
Nature is Capricious and Destructive
What is meant by nature in this context? Lewis defined nature as “the whole show”, but I think in this instance we’re dealing with a fairly specific vision of nature. Nature, here, is simply the process by which change occurs. Carbon matter decays, cells mutate, low pressure areas form over water causing hurricanes, etc.
What is meant by “capricious and destructive”? Surely we don’t call hurricanes destructive because we think bits of ocean ought not fling themselves at high speeds, over great distances. No, we only object to hurricanes- think them a problem for a world with a loving God- because they destroy creatures who’d rather not be destroyed. Cancer is cancerous because it affects us.
Absent us, these things are just processes. Now, in order for anything to happen, there must be a change between states. If it starts “raining” it must have ended “not raining”. This is true even in a world without life, but life adds a special character to the process. When an event happens, and states change, life is impacted. And to be impacted is to be moved. And if you’re moved, you’re moved away from something. And as long as you have a sense of preference, you’re capable of preferring the original state. That’s the start of this argument. Before, we get to the finish, let’s move on to the second “problem” with pain.
Man Does Harm
In, I think, Mere Christianity, C.S. Lewis points out that it is essentially impossible to imagine a world in which men were free, but not free to go wrong. An infinitely powerful God could, perhaps, make man a different sort of physical creature, capable of inflicting less damage. We could envision a slug with a brain, squirming around on it’s belly, limited in its choices by a finite form, in the same way we’re limited by a lack of wings or by a defined skeletal structure.
Still, this isn’t very helpful. Surely the objection to the existence of pain can’t be that there is simply “too much” of it. Too much is a relative term. It must have something to relate to. An atheist might well say “Look at those Bangladeshi orphans. They’re born without every advantage. They’re vulnerable to disease, malnutrition, they lack an education system or any way to meaningfully better themselves. How could a loving God allow for such pain?”
Our atheist might well say this, but it wouldn’t get him anywhere. Because what he really means is “Look at these Bangladeshi orphans who have more pain than I do; fewer opportunities, greater grief. How could a loving God not square this away?” The atheist cannot possibly mean that the Bangladeshi’s simply have too much pain, in the abstract. He implies a standard. Absent that standard he’s talking nonsense, akin to the man who says, “that hat is too dark” without any implied “to wear in the sun” or “to match my clothes” or “to satisfy my aesthetic taste”. But, even our sentient slug would exist in a world with such standards. Even a sentient slug could “go wrong” on this smaller scale.
Therefore, any meaningful objection to pain must be an objection to pain as such. But, of course, any objection to pain as such is an objection to differences. As long you and I are in different situations, and we have different preferences, and we are distinct individuals who’s actions influence our environment, we will be at loggerheads. If I am taller, you are necessarily shorter. And in a concrete environment there will certain advantages to my height, and certain advantages to your lack of height. This will inevitably create pain when we’re competing for scarce resources.
Nor does it seem likely that even an infinitely powerful God could create a free world with infinite resources. If we view resources as anything from food to spots on a basketball team (which seems like the proper attitude), the difficulty will immediately become plain. If you want to play for New York Knicks, but can’t make it on the 5 man squad because you’re short, what is God to do? Perhaps he could create another basketball team, with the same name and history. Let’s just suppose he could. But, who will be your teammates? Your opponents? The NBA is popular enough, so you might find a few takers in the beginning, but eventually you’ll end up with players without a team, or a team without opponents.
Or is God…drafting people into the NBA? What if some of these folks want to play in the MLB? If he’s altering them to prefer basketball then we’re back to a question of free will. But, let’s suppose that God could manage such a feat; creating an infinite number of basketball teams, with an infinite number of players freely interested in playing the game. Now what if I want to win? And what if you want to win? And what if we’re playing each other? Can we both win? Can I both win and lose? An infinitely powerful God can’t violate the law of non-contradiction anymore than can a finitely powerful human.
Coherence
Logic has taken us this far. Reason has been our guide. It must soon leave us, giving way to a more powerful force. But, before we wave it away, let’s sum up the preceding argument. First, events in nature imply change. Insofar as we are free individuals with preferences, we’re capable of resenting this change, and thus feeling pain. Second, if we have different capabilities, with different ideas, we will have different experiences, which will make us more or less happy relative to each other. It turns out that the objections to the problem of pain don’t hold up, but perhaps it’s not a problem at all? Atheism doesn’t, after all, appear to have a “problem of pain”. Even if we concede that an infinitely powerful, infinitely good God may well need to create a world which can bring about pain, how does this convince us that such a being exists?
But, something odd happens when we look at the claims of Christianity. What does it tell us about creation or, more specifically, the opening scenes of man? Genesis 2:17, “But of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die”. Genesis 2:25, “And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed”. Genesis 3:5, “For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil”. Genesis 3:7 “And the eyes of them both were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons”. Genesis 3:10, “And he [God] said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself”. And the beginning part of Genesis 3:11, “And he said, who told thee that thou wast naked?”
Here, we have the famous fall of man. It’s fascinating and, in some ways, perplexing, but how does it fit into the preceding argument? In this sequence, Adam starts out free. God forbids him to eat from the tree, which would be altogether pointless if Adam wasn’t, in fact, capable of doing so. What did we say about pain? Why do people experience it? Because they have preferences and ideas. But, Adam doesn’t have preferences and ideas. That’s precisely what he doesn’t have. That’s what the “knowledge of good and evil” is all about. He doesn’t know about “the good” and he doesn’t know about “his good”. He’d be equally content playing basketball or washing dishes. Nature’s change and flux can’t phase him.
And it seems to me that the first thing Adam and Eve do, after eating of the fruit, emphasizes this. They hide their nakedness. They’re ashamed, but not because being naked is inherently evil; rather, by disobeying God and gaining “knowledge”, preference, etc,- they’ve created the idea of evil. The narrative is perfect and coherent. It fills gaps that we barely notice. And the rest of it? The idea that redemption is a journey and, as in a story, the happy ever after needs the context of that journey to make sense; to be satisfying. It is, confusions and turmoils included, the most powerful and “right” description of how man is and how he ought to be.